Interactions of stakeholders and actors on rights and justice practice questions.

The two binding covenants (1966) that, with the UDHR, form the International Bill of Human Rights are the ICCPR and which other?

• ICESCR
• Refugee Convention
• Geneva Conventions
• Rome Statute

Answer: ICESCR

The ICESCR covers economic, social and cultural rights; the ICCPR covers civil and political rights.

Which 1948 document first set out a common standard of human rights for all nations?

• The Geneva Convention on prisoners of war
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Treaty of Versailles
• Kyoto Protocol

Answer: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The UDHR (1948), adopted by the UN General Assembly, is the foundational human-rights document, though not itself legally binding.

Which UN body, based in Geneva, is responsible for promoting and monitoring human rights?

• The Security Council
• The Human Rights Council
• The Trusteeship Council
• The World Trade Organization

Answer: The Human Rights Council

The UN Human Rights Council (established 2006) reviews states' records through the Universal Periodic Review. It is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly, not a principal UN organ.

The court that tries individuals for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity is the

• International Court of Justice
• International Criminal Court
• European Court of Human Rights
• World Court of Appeals

Answer: International Criminal Court

The ICC (Rome Statute adopted 1998, in force 2002) prosecutes individuals; the ICJ settles disputes between states.

A state believes another state has violated a bilateral treaty on maritime borders. Which judicial body is competent to settle this legal dispute between the two states?

• The International Criminal Court
• The UN Human Rights Council
• The International Court of Justice
• The European Court of Human Rights

Answer: The International Court of Justice

The ICJ settles legal disputes between states; the ICC, by contrast, prosecutes individuals, and the Human Rights Council is a political, not judicial, body.

A Spanish court issues an arrest warrant for a former foreign head of state accused of torture committed entirely outside Spain. Which legal principle makes such a prosecution possible?

• Sovereign immunity
• Universal jurisdiction
• Complementarity
• Diplomatic protection

Answer: Universal jurisdiction

Universal jurisdiction allows national courts to prosecute the gravest international crimes (torture, genocide) regardless of where they occurred or the nationality of those involved.