Military leaders practice questions.

In which year was Temüjin proclaimed 'Genghis Khan' at a kurultai of the Mongol tribes?

• 1189
• 1206
• 1215
• 1227

Answer: 1206

In 1206 a kurultai (assembly of Mongol leaders) recognised Temüjin as Genghis Khan, universal ruler of the unified Mongol tribes. 1215 is the capture of Zhongdu and 1227 the year of his death.

Which event directly triggered Genghis Khan's invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219?

• Khwarazm's refusal to pay annual tribute to the Mongols
• A Khwarazmian raid across the border into Mongolia
• An alliance between Khwarazm and the Jin dynasty
• The massacre of a Mongol caravan and envoys at Otrar

Answer: The massacre of a Mongol caravan and envoys at Otrar

The governor of Otrar executed a Mongol-sponsored merchant caravan, and Shah Muhammad then humiliated and killed Mongol envoys sent to demand redress. Genghis Khan treated this as an unforgivable breach and launched the devastating 1219–1221 campaign.

The Mongol army was organised on a decimal system. How many soldiers formed a tumen, its largest standard unit?

• 1,000
• 5,000
• 10,000
• 100,000

Answer: 10,000

Genghis Khan structured his forces in units of 10 (arban), 100 (zuun), 1,000 (mingghan) and 10,000 (tumen). The decimal system cut across tribal loyalties and made the army easier to command.

At the Battle of Arsuf in September 1191, Richard I defeated the forces of which opponent?

• Saladin
• Nur ad-Din
• Isaac Comnenus
• Philip II of France

Answer: Saladin

Richard's disciplined march down the coast withstood harassment until a controlled counter-charge broke Saladin's army at Arsuf. The victory secured the crusaders' route towards Jaffa and boosted Richard's military reputation.

Which outcome was agreed in the Treaty of Jaffa (1192) between Richard I and Saladin?

• Jerusalem was returned to Christian rule
• Saladin surrendered Egypt to the crusader states
• Pilgrims gained access to Jerusalem, still Muslim-held
• Richard agreed to remain in the Holy Land as king of Jerusalem

Answer: Pilgrims gained access to Jerusalem, still Muslim-held

The 1192 truce ended the Third Crusade: Saladin kept Jerusalem but guaranteed unarmed Christian pilgrims access to the holy sites, while the crusaders retained a coastal strip from Tyre to Jaffa. Richard never captured Jerusalem itself.

What was a direct consequence for England of Richard I's capture on his return from the Third Crusade?

• Normandy was ceded to Philip II as the price of his release
• Heavy taxation was imposed to raise a ransom of 150,000 marks
• His brother John was legally crowned king in his place
• England was placed under a papal interdict

Answer: Heavy taxation was imposed to raise a ransom of 150,000 marks

Captured by Leopold V of Austria in 1192 and handed to Emperor Henry VI, Richard was released in 1194 only after a ransom of 150,000 marks — roughly twice the annual revenue of the English crown — was raised through taxes and levies.